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In Vitro |
Fröba et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms222413202 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta |
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In Vitro study of iota-, lambda-, and kappa-carrageenan sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, showing that all three carrageenan types had antiviral activit.. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta |
| Fröba et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms222413202 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro study of iota-, lambda-, and kappa-carrageenan sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, showing that all three carrageenan types had antiviral activity. Iota-carrageenan had comparable IC50 values against all variants. Authors conclude that iota-carrageenan might be effective for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 for existing and potentially future variants.
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Fröba et al., 12/8/2021, peer-reviewed, 14 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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N/A |
Morokutti-Kurz et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S325861 |
The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 |
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Prospective study of 31 subjects analyzing iota-carrageenan concentration in saliva after using an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge, showing sufficient concentration to neutralize common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. For SA.. |
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N/A
N/A
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| The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2 |
| Morokutti-Kurz et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S325861 |
Prospective study of 31 subjects analyzing iota-carrageenan concentration in saliva after using an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge, showing sufficient concentration to neutralize common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. For SARS-CoV-2, the IC90 was exceeded by 121-fold (p < 0.001). NCT04533906.
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In Vitro |
Alsaidi et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model |
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In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model |
| Alsaidi et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin.
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Alsaidi et al., 7/26/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Early |
Hemilä et al., Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.810 |
Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data |
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Individual patient data meta analysis of two RCTs showing nasal iota-carrageenan improved recovery rate and shortened the duration of long colds. There was a 71% reduction in the risk of long colds (>20 days). The increase in recovery rat.. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data |
| Hemilä et al., Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.810 |
Individual patient data meta analysis of two RCTs showing nasal iota-carrageenan improved recovery rate and shortened the duration of long colds. There was a 71% reduction in the risk of long colds (>20 days). The increase in recovery rate was 139% for coronavirus infections, 119% for influenza A infections, and 70% for rhinovirus infections.
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Hemilä et al., 6/14/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Early |
Schütz et al., American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020 |
Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures |
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In Vitro study showing that carrageenan-containing nose spray and mouth spray inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cultures. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures |
| Schütz et al., American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020 |
In Vitro study showing that carrageenan-containing nose spray and mouth spray inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cultures.
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Schütz et al., 4/28/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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In Vitro |
Varese et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512 (Preprint) (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model |
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In Vitro Calu-3 (human respiratory epithelial cell line) study showing that iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model |
| Varese et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512 (Preprint) (In Vitro) |
In Vitro Calu-3 (human respiratory epithelial cell line) study showing that iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2.
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Varese et al., 4/27/2021, preprint, 5 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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PrEPPEP |
Figueroa et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486 (preprint 4/15/2021) |
symp. case, ↓80.2%, p=0.03 |
Efficacy of a nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease A pragmatic multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (CARR-COV-02) |
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Prophylaxis RCT with 394 healthcare workers, 196 treated with iota-carrageenan, showing significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. There was a significant number of PCR- symptomatic cas.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Efficacy of a nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease A pragmatic multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (CARR-COV-02) |
| Figueroa et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486 (preprint 4/15/2021) |
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Prophylaxis RCT with 394 healthcare workers, 196 treated with iota-carrageenan, showing significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. There was a significant number of PCR- symptomatic cases (7.6% treatment and 8.6% control). The two treatment cases occurred shortly after randomization - infection may have occurred before the start of treatment. CARR-COV-02. NCT04521322.
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risk of symptomatic case, 80.2% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.03, treatment 2 of 196 (1.0%), control 10 of 198 (5.1%), NNT 25, OR converted to RR.
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Figueroa et al., 4/15/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, trial NCT04521322 (history). |
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In Vitro |
Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro |
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In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by iota-carrageenan in a dose dependent manner and to the same extent as other respiratory viruses for which a clinical benefit has been proven. Authors note that clinical data and post .. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro |
| Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480 (In Vitro) |
In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by iota-carrageenan in a dose dependent manner and to the same extent as other respiratory viruses for which a clinical benefit has been proven. Authors note that clinical data and post market surveillance data show that iota-carrageenan is well-tolerated with very low reported adverse events.
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Morokutti-Kurz et al., 2/17/2021, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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PrEPPEP |
Chahla et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433 |
m/s case, ↓95.2%, p=0.002 |
A randomized trial - intensive treatment based in ivermectin and iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare agents |
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Prophylaxis RCT for ivermectin and iota-carrageenan in Argentina, 117 healthcare workers treated with ivermectin and iota-carrageenan, and 117 controls, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. There were no moderate/severe cases.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| A randomized trial - intensive treatment based in ivermectin and iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare agents |
| Chahla et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433 |
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Prophylaxis RCT for ivermectin and iota-carrageenan in Argentina, 117 healthcare workers treated with ivermectin and iota-carrageenan, and 117 controls, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. There were no moderate/severe cases with treatment vs. 10 in the control group. There were 4 cases with treatment (all mild) vs. 25 for the control group. NCT04701710.
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risk of moderate/severe case, 95.2% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.002, treatment 0 of 117 (0.0%), control 10 of 117 (8.5%), NNT 12, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, moderate/severe COVID-19.
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risk of case, 84.0% lower, RR 0.16, p = 0.004, treatment 4 of 117 (3.4%), control 25 of 117 (21.4%), NNT 5.6, adjusted, OR converted to RR, all cases.
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Chahla et al., 1/11/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ivermectin) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial NCT04701710 (history). |
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Review |
Hans et al., Bioresource Technology Reports, doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100623 (Review) |
review |
Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and its application in combating COVID-19: Mini review |
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Review of the antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides including carrageenan, and the mechanisms of action for inhibiting different stages of viral infection. |
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Review
Review
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| Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and its application in combating COVID-19: Mini review |
| Hans et al., Bioresource Technology Reports, doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100623 (Review) |
Review of the antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides including carrageenan, and the mechanisms of action for
inhibiting different stages of viral infection.
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Hans et al., 12/29/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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PrEPPEP |
Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 |
cases, ↓99.9%, p<0.0001 |
Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel |
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Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and iota-carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control. The authors later reported that carrageenan is not necessary in this protocol . See for discu.. |
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Prophylaxis study
Prophylaxis study
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| Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel |
| Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 |
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Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and iota-carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control.The authors later reported that carrageenan is not necessary in this protocol [youtube.com].See [doyourownresearch.substack.com] for discussion of issues with this trial.
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risk of case, 99.9% lower, RR 0.001, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 788 (0.0%), control 237 of 407 (58.2%), NNT 1.7, relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events.
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Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis:
concern about potential data issues.
Carvallo et al., 11/17/2020, prospective, Argentina, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ivermectin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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In Vitro |
Song et al., Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 |
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In Vitro study showing significant antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides iota-carrageenan, sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide, and fucoidan. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 |
| Song et al., Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F (In Vitro) |
In Vitro study showing significant antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides iota-carrageenan, sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide, and fucoidan.
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Song et al., 8/24/2020, peer-reviewed, 10 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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In Vitro |
Bansal et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259943 (preprint 8/21/20) (In Vitro) |
In Vitro |
Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture |
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In Vitro study showing that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/mL (easily achievable with existing nasal sprays) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell cultures. |
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In Vitro
In Vitro
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| Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell culture |
| Bansal et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259943 (preprint 8/21/20) (In Vitro) |
In Vitro study showing that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/mL (easily achievable with existing nasal sprays) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell cultures.
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Bansal et al., 8/21/2020, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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In Silico |
Sattari et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1 (Preprint) |
In Silico |
Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors |
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In Silico study identifying kappa-carrageenan and other compounds as potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. |
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In Silico
In Silico
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| Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors |
| Sattari et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1 (Preprint) |
In Silico study identifying kappa-carrageenan and other compounds as potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition.
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Sattari et al., 6/29/2020, preprint, 3 authors.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Early |
Koenighofer et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 |
Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials |
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Analysis of 2 RCTs concluding that carrageenan nasal spray reduced duration of virus-confirmed common colds, increased viral clearance, and reduced relapses. |
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Early treatment study
Early treatment study
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| Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials |
| Koenighofer et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 |
Analysis of 2 RCTs concluding that carrageenan nasal spray reduced duration of virus-confirmed common colds, increased viral clearance, and reduced relapses.
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Koenighofer et al., 1/1/2014, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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