Iota-carrageenan for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 12 studies

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Database of all iota-carrageenan COVID-19 studies. Submit updates/corrections.

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Sep 7	N/A	Morokutti-Kurz et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S325861 (Peer Reviewed)		The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
	Details Prospective study of 31 subjects analyzing iota-carrageenan concentration in saliva after using an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge, showing sufficient concentration to neutralize common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. For SA..
Sep 7	Details Source PDF N/A N/A
	Morokutti-Kurz et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S325861 (Peer Reviewed)
	The Saliva of Probands Sucking an Iota-Carrageenan Containing Lozenge Inhibits Viral Binding and Replication of the Most Predominant Common Cold Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
	Prospective study of 31 subjects analyzing iota-carrageenan concentration in saliva after using an iota-carrageenan containing lozenge, showing sufficient concentration to neutralize common respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. For SARS-CoV-2, the IC90 was exceeded by 121-fold (p < 0.001). NCT04533906. Morokutti-Kurz et al., 9/7/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Jul 26	In Vitro	Alsaidi et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model
	Details In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin.
Jul 26	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Alsaidi et al., Marine Drugs, doi:10.3390/md19080418 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Griffithsin and Carrageenan Combination Results in Antiviral Synergy against SARS-CoV-1 and 2 in a Pseudoviral Model
	In Vitro and In Silico analysis showing SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity of carageenan, and synergistic activity from the combination of carrageenan and griffithsin. Alsaidi et al., 7/26/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Jun 14	Early	Hemilä et al., Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.810 (Peer Reviewed)		Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data
	Details Individual patient data meta analysis of two RCTs showing nasal iota-carrageenan improved recovery rate and shortened the duration of long colds. There was a 71% reduction in the risk of long colds (>20 days). The increase in recovery rat..
Jun 14	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Hemilä et al., Pharmacology Research and Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.810 (Peer Reviewed)
	Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data
	Individual patient data meta analysis of two RCTs showing nasal iota-carrageenan improved recovery rate and shortened the duration of long colds. There was a 71% reduction in the risk of long colds (>20 days). The increase in recovery rate was 139% for coronavirus infections, 119% for influenza A infections, and 70% for rhinovirus infections. Hemilä et al., 6/14/2021, peer-reviewed, 2 authors.
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Apr 28	Early	Schütz et al., American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020 (Peer Reviewed)		Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures
	Details In Vitro study showing that carrageenan-containing nose spray and mouth spray inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cultures.
Apr 28	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Schütz et al., American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020 (Peer Reviewed)
	Carrageenan-containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures
	In Vitro study showing that carrageenan-containing nose spray and mouth spray inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cultures. Schütz et al., 4/28/2021, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
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Apr 27	In Vitro	Varese et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512 (Preprint) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model
	Details In Vitro Calu-3 (human respiratory epithelial cell line) study showing that iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2.
Apr 27	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Varese et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441512 (Preprint) (In Vitro)
	Iota-carrageenan prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on an in vitro respiratory epithelium model
	In Vitro Calu-3 (human respiratory epithelial cell line) study showing that iota-carrageenan inhibits SARS-CoV-2. Varese et al., 4/27/2021, preprint, 5 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Apr 15	PrEPPEP	Figueroa et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486 (preprint 4/15/2021) (Peer Reviewed)	symp. case, ↓80.2%, p=0.03	Efficacy of a nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease A pragmatic multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (CARR-COV-02)
	Details Prophylaxis RCT with 394 healthcare workers, 196 treated with iota-carrageenan, showing significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. There was a significant number of PCR- symptomatic cas..
Apr 15	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Figueroa et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S328486 (preprint 4/15/2021) (Peer Reviewed)
	Efficacy of a nasal spray containing Iota-Carrageenan in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in hospital personnel dedicated to patients care with COVID-19 disease A pragmatic multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (CARR-COV-02)
	Prophylaxis RCT with 394 healthcare workers, 196 treated with iota-carrageenan, showing significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment. There were no deaths or hospitalizations. There was a significant number of PCR- symptomatic cases (7.6% treatment and 8.6% control). The two treatment cases occurred shortly after randomization - infection may have occurred before the start of treatment. CARR-COV-02. NCT04521322. risk of symptomatic case, 80.2% lower, RR 0.20, p = 0.03, treatment 2 of 196 (1.0%), control 10 of 198 (5.1%), OR converted to RR. Figueroa et al., 4/15/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, South America, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.
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Feb 17	In Vitro	Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro
	Details In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by iota-carrageenan in a dose dependent manner and to the same extent as other respiratory viruses for which a clinical benefit has been proven. Authors note that clinical data and post ..
Feb 17	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Morokutti-Kurz et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237480 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication in vitro
	In Vitro study showing that SARS-CoV-2 is inhibited by iota-carrageenan in a dose dependent manner and to the same extent as other respiratory viruses for which a clinical benefit has been proven. Authors note that clinical data and post market surveillance data show that iota-carrageenan is well-tolerated with very low reported adverse events. Morokutti-Kurz et al., 2/17/2021, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Jan 11	PrEPPEP	Chahla et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433 (Peer Reviewed)	m/s case, ↓95.2%, p=0.002	A randomized trial - intensive treatment based in ivermectin and iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare agents
	Details Prophylaxis RCT for ivermectin and iota-carrageenan in Argentina, 117 healthcare workers treated with ivermectin and iota-carrageenan, and 117 controls, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. There were no moderate/severe cases..
Jan 11	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Chahla et al., American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433 (Peer Reviewed)
	A randomized trial - intensive treatment based in ivermectin and iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare agents
	Prophylaxis RCT for ivermectin and iota-carrageenan in Argentina, 117 healthcare workers treated with ivermectin and iota-carrageenan, and 117 controls, showing significantly lower cases with treatment. There were no moderate/severe cases with treatment vs. 10 in the control group. There were 4 cases with treatment (all mild) vs. 25 for the control group. NCT04701710. risk of moderate/severe case, 95.2% lower, RR 0.05, p = 0.002, treatment 0 of 117 (0.0%), control 10 of 117 (8.5%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events, moderate/severe COVID-19. risk of case, 84.0% lower, RR 0.16, p = 0.004, treatment 4 of 117 (3.4%), control 25 of 117 (21.4%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, all cases. Chahla et al., 1/11/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Argentina, South America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ivermectin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Dec 29 2020	Review	Hans et al., Bioresource Technology Reports, doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100623 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)	review	Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and its application in combating COVID-19: Mini review
	Details Review of the antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides including carrageenan, and the mechanisms of action for inhibiting different stages of viral infection.
Dec 29 2020	Details Source PDF Review Review
	Hans et al., Bioresource Technology Reports, doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100623 (Review) (Peer Reviewed)
	Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and its application in combating COVID-19: Mini review
	Review of the antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides including carrageenan, and the mechanisms of action for inhibiting different stages of viral infection. Hans et al., 12/29/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
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Nov 17 2020	PrEPPEP	Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 (Peer Reviewed)	cases, ↓99.9%, p<0.0001	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel
	Details Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and iota-carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control. The authors later reported that carrageenan is not necessary in this protocol [1].
Nov 17 2020	Details Source PDF Prophylaxis study Prophylaxis study
	Carvallo et al., Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation, doi:10.31546/2633-8653.1007 (Peer Reviewed)
	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Ivermectin + Iota-Carrageenan in the Prophylaxis against COVID-19 in Health Personnel
	Prophylaxis study using ivermectin and iota-carrageenan showing 0 of 788 cases from treated healthcare workers, compared to 237 of 407 control. The authors later reported that carrageenan is not necessary in this protocol [1]. [1] youtube.com/watch?v=CB6Bvi_g-w8 risk of case, 99.9% lower, RR 0.001, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 788 (0.0%), control 237 of 407 (58.2%), relative risk is not 0 because of continuity correction due to zero events. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: concern about potential data issues. Carvallo et al., 11/17/2020, prospective, Argentina, South America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ivermectin) - results of individual treatments may vary.
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Aug 24 2020	In Vitro	Song et al., Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2
	Details In Vitro study showing significant antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides iota-carrageenan, sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide, and fucoidan.
Aug 24 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Song et al., Food & Function, doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro)
	Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2
	In Vitro study showing significant antiviral activity of marine sulfated polysaccharides iota-carrageenan, sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide, and fucoidan. Song et al., 8/24/2020, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Aug 21 2020	In Vitro	Bansal et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.225854 (Preprint) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Iota-carrageenan and Xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture
	Details In Vitro study showing that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/mL (easily achievable with existing nasal sprays) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell cultures.
Aug 21 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Bansal et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.19.225854 (Preprint) (In Vitro)
	Iota-carrageenan and Xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture
	In Vitro study showing that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/mL (easily achievable with existing nasal sprays) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cell cultures. Bansal et al., 8/21/2020, preprint, 7 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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Jun 29 2020	In SIlico	Sattari et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1 (Preprint)		Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors
	Details In Silico study identifying kappa-carrageenan and other compounds as potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition.
Jun 29 2020	Details Source PDF In SIlico In SIlico
	Sattari et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37994/v1 (Preprint)
	Repositioning Therapeutics for COVID-19: Virtual Screening of the Potent Synthetic and Natural Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors
	In Silico study identifying kappa-carrageenan and other compounds as potential candidates for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. Sattari et al., 6/29/2020, preprint, 3 authors. In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
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2014	Early	Koenighofer et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 (Peer Reviewed)		Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials
	Details Analysis of 2 RCTs concluding that carrageenan nasal spray reduced duration of virus-confirmed common colds, increased viral clearance, and reduced relapses.
2014	Details Source PDF Early treatment study Early treatment study
	Koenighofer et al., Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 (Peer Reviewed)
	Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials
	Analysis of 2 RCTs concluding that carrageenan nasal spray reduced duration of virus-confirmed common colds, increased viral clearance, and reduced relapses. Koenighofer et al., 1/1/2014, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
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